Comparison operators

Compares the arguments.

Two-way comparison

The two-way comparison operator expressions have the form

In all cases, for the built-in operators, lhs and rhs must have either

• arithmetic or enumeration type (see arithmetic comparison operators below)
• pointer type (see pointer comparison operators below)

after the application of the lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer and function-to-pointer standard conversions. The comparison is deprecated if both operands have array type prior to the application of these conversions. (since C++20)

In any case, the result is a bool prvalue.

Arithmetic comparison operators

If the operands has arithmetic or enumeration type (scoped or unscoped), usual arithmetic conversions are performed on both operands following the rules for arithmetic operators. The values are compared after conversions:

Example

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    std::cout << std::boolalpha;
    int n = -1;
 
    int n2 = 1;
    std::cout << " -1 == 1? " << (n == n2) << '\n'
              << "Comparing two signed values:\n"
              << " -1  < 1? " << (n < n2) << '\n'
              << " -1  > 1? " << (n > n2) << '\n';
 
    unsigned int u = 1;
    std::cout << "Comparing signed and unsigned:\n"
              << " -1  < 1? " << (n < u) << '\n'
              << " -1  > 1? " << (n > u) << '\n';
 
    unsigned char uc = 1;
    std::cout << "Comparing signed and smaller unsigned:\n"
              << " -1  < 1? " << (n < uc) << '\n'
              << " -1  > 1? " << (n > uc) << '\n';
}

 -1 == 1? false
Comparing two signed values:
 -1  < 1? true
 -1  > 1? false
Comparing signed and unsigned:
 -1  < 1? false
 -1  > 1? true
Comparing signed and smaller unsigned:
 -1  < 1? true
 -1  > 1? false

Pointer comparison operators

Comparison operators can be used to compare two pointers (or pointers-to-members, for operator== and operator!= only), or a pointer to member (since C++14) and a null pointer constant, or two null pointer constants (but only as long as at least one of them is std::nullptr_t: comparison of NULL and NULL follows arithmetic comparison rules) (until C++14).

First, Pointer conversions (pointer to member conversions if the arguments are pointers to members), function pointer conversions, (since C++17) and qualification conversions are applied to both operands to obtain the composite pointer type, as follows

Note that this implies that any pointer can be compared with void*.

The result of comparing two pointers to objects (after conversions) is defined as follows:

The result of equality comparison of two pointers (after conversions) is defined as follows:

The result of comparing two pointers to members (after conversions) is defined as follows:

If a pointer p compare equal to pointer q, p<=q and p>=q both yield true and p<q and p>q both yield false.

If a pointer p compares greater than a pointer q, then p>=q, p>q, q<=p, and q<p all yield true and p<=q, p<q, q>=p, and q>p all yield false.

If two pointers are not specified to compare greater or compare equal, the result of the comparison is unspecified. The result may be nondeterministic, and need not be consistent even for multiple evaluations of the same expression with the same operands in the same execution of the program:

int x, y;
 
bool f(int* p, int* q) { return p < q; }
 
assert(f(&x, &y) == f(&x, &y)); // may fire in a conforming implementation

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every pair of promoted arithmetic types L and R, including enumeration types, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every type P which is either pointer to object or pointer to function or std::nullptr_t (until C++14), the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every type MP that is a pointer to member object or pointer to member function or std::nullptr_t, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

Example

#include <iostream>
struct Foo  { int n1; int n2; };
union Union { int n; double d; };
int main()
{
    std::cout << std::boolalpha;
 
    char a[4] = "abc";
 
    char* p1 = &a[1];
    char* p2 = &a[2];
    std::cout << "Pointers to array elements: p1 == p2 " << (p1 == p2)
              << ", p1 < p2 "  << (p1 < p2) << '\n';
 
    Foo f;
    int* p3 = &f.n1;
    int* p4 = &f.n2;
    std::cout << "Pointers to members of a class: p3 == p4 " << (p3 == p4)
              << ", p3 < p4 "  << (p3 < p4) << '\n';
 
    Union u;
    int* p5 = &u.n;
    double* p6 = &u.d;
    std::cout << "Pointers to members of a union: p5 == (void*)p6 " << (p5 == (void*)p6)
              << ", p5 < p6 "  << (p5 < (void*)p6) << '\n';
}

Pointers to array elements: p1 == p2 false, p1 < p2 true
Pointers to members of a class: p3 == p4 false, p3 < p4 true
Pointers to members of a union: p5 == (void*)p6 true, p5 < p6 false

Notes

Because these operators group left-to-right, the expression a<b<c is parsed (a<b)<c, and not a<(b<c) or (a<b)&&(b<c).

A common requirement for user-defined operator< is strict weak ordering. In particular, this is required by the standard algorithms and containers that work with Compare types: std::sort, std::max_element, std::map, etc.

Although the results of comparing pointers of random origin (e.g. not all pointing to members of the same array) is unspecified, many implementations provide strict total ordering of pointers, e.g. if they are implemented as addresses within continuous virtual address space. Those implementations that do not (e.g. where not all bits of the pointer are part of a memory address and have to be ignored for comparison, or an additional calculation is required or otherwise pointer and integer is not a 1 to 1 relationship), provide a specialization of std::less for pointers that has that guarantee. This makes it possible to use all pointers of random origin as keys in standard associative containers such as std::set or std::map.

For the types that are both EqualityComparable and LessThanComparable, the C++ standard library makes a distinction between equality, which is the value of the expression a == b and equivalence, which is the value of the expression !(a < b) && !(b < a).

Comparison between pointers and null pointer constants was removed in C++14

void f(char * p)
{
  if (p > 0) { ... } // OK in C++98..C++11, does not compile in C++14
  if (p > nullptr) { ... } // OK in C++11, does not compile in C++14
}

unsigned int i = 1;
auto r = -1 < i; // existing pitfall: returns ‘false’
auto r2 = -1 <=> i; // Error: narrowing conversion required

Standard library

Comparison operators are overloaded for many classes in the standard library.

The namespace rel_ops provides generic operators !=, >, <=, and >=

See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading